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随着光伏阵列的老化,系统性能可能因众多潜在原因而下降。有些原因是可以预见的,比如污染损耗和阵列的长期退化。还有一些则可能是意外情况,比如旁路二极管故障或模块破裂等。由于 I-V 曲线绘图仪能够记录光伏源的所有电流和电压工作点,这使得它具备识别光伏系统性能下降的各种症状的独特能力。每个光伏模块的数据表都会提供一个模型 I-V 曲线,它会展示在标准测试条件 (STC) 下,该模块各种可能的工作或负载电流和电压组合。当实际测量的 I-V 曲线在高度、宽度或形态上与预测的 I-V 曲线(即基于模型 I-V 曲线预测,并根据实际辐照度和温度条件调整后的曲线)存在显著偏差时,这种偏差的性质能够为查明潜在的性能问题提供线索。利用像 Fluke Solmetric PVA-1500 这样的 I-V 曲线绘图仪,我们能够更有效地检测光伏系统性能下降的症状。Fluke Solmetric PVA 1500 V 光伏分析仪套件,配备 Fluke SolSensor光伏系统故障排除的安全考虑事项在使用电气系统时,安全性是首要考虑的因素。为了保障安全,必须理解光伏系统的构造和工作原理,使用符合额定值的测试设备,并严格遵守 NFPA 70E 等安全标准。相较于其他测试方法,使用像 Fluke Solmetric PVA-1500 这样的 I-V 曲线绘图仪能提高安全性,因为它允许我们在进行测试时,无需将电路置于逆变器负载下。基本测试过程在商业和公用事业规模的光伏系统中,通常会在电气隔离的汇流箱中来测量 I-V 曲线的轨迹。举例来说,如果区域级监控器或无人机红外测温仪显示汇流箱性能有所下降,I-V 曲线绘图仪可以立即将其标记出来以便开展检查。在进行隔离之后,先进行目视检查,然后绘制 I-V 曲线,就可以识别出性能下降的源电路。经过校准的性能测量包括在阵列的正面安装辐照度传感器,并在模块的背面安装温度传感器。每个光伏源电路都会进行单独的测试,整个流程仅需 10 到 15 秒,而所有的数据都会以电子方式保存。标准的形态及性能为了在现场识别性能问题,需要建立一个比较标准。在进行故障排除时,您可以利用相邻光伏源电路的测量值来进行对比。不过,通常会使用模块的铭牌数据作为性能比较的依据,特别是当您需要对性能进行长期基准测试时。在执行 I-V 曲线测试之前,您需要先确定要测试的模块,以及要将多少个模块串联或并联。根据这些数据以及其他设置输入,软件会计算在标准测试条件下预期的性能特征,如 Isc、Imp、Voc、Vmp 和 Pmp。由于现场条件与工厂测试条件往往存在差异,I-V 曲线绘图仪会采用数学模型来综合考虑现场的实际辐照度和温度条件,并生成被测光伏源电路或模块的 I-V 预测曲线和的最大功率预测值。当光伏源电路或模块处于正常工作状态时,其 I-V 曲线会呈现出标准的形态。此外,曲线绘图仪根据 I-V 数据计算得出的最大输出功率额定值将非常接近预测的最大功率值。在这种情况下,我们使用性能因子 (PF) 来量化实际测量的 I-V 曲线与预测曲线之间的一致程度。一致程度以百分比形式进行报告,并通过测量和预测的最大功率值 (PMP) 进行计算,具体公式为:PF =(实际测量的PMP ÷ 预测的 PMP)× 100。若曲线形态正常,且性能因子维持在 90% 至 100% 的范围内,这表明光伏源电路或模块处于正常工作状态,不存在严重遮挡或污染问题。...
要对光伏系统的 I-V 曲线进行分析,我们可以使用 I-V 曲线绘图仪,将实际测量的曲线与标准曲线或预测曲线进行对比,同时综合考虑各种环境因素,比如遮挡和温度等。“光伏阵列故障排除流程图”是一份详尽的综合指南,它是根据丰富的现场实践经验、光伏模块可靠性方面的文献,以及国家可再生能源实验室 (NREL) 的专家建议编制而成。Fluke Solmetric PVA-1500 等 I-V 曲线绘图仪可为识别光伏系统中的硬件性能问题提供详尽的洞察。但是,遮挡、污染、辐照度、温度以及测量技术等因素会使光伏性能测量过程变得复杂。图中显示了本文探讨的六种 I-V 曲线偏离情况。我们按照流程图中所呈现的顺序,对这些偏离情况进行了编号。采集一份有效的 I-V 曲线首先,验证测试是否返回了有效的 I-V 曲线。如果没有,请确保测试导线连接正确。如果测试导线连接正确,则可能是源电路不完整。请检查是否已安装串联保险丝,并检查其通断性。如果串联保险丝出现故障,那么问题可能出在源电路的接线上。在测试出现故障的模块之前,建议先检查模块之间的连接是否断开,并寻找任何损坏的迹象,如烧毁痕迹等。在极少数情况下,测试所返回的 I-V 曲线会显示出垂直下降或向下的狭窄尖峰。出现这种情况的原因可能是间歇性电气互连故障,例如测试引线受到挤压或对接接头压接不当。如果间歇性连接问题出现在光伏源电路中,需要将其隔离并进行必要的修复。标准的形态和性能针对现场性能问题,我们需要建立一个比较标准,这个标准通常基于模块铭牌数据或邻近电路的测量结果。像 Fluke Solmetric PVA-1500 这样的 I-V 曲线绘图仪会利用软件来预测标准测试条件下的性能特征,并根据现场环境进行相应的调整。如果是标准的 I-V 曲线形态且性能因子在 90% 到 100% 之间,则通常表明光伏源电路或模块处于正常工作状态。识别 I-V 曲线偏离情况I-V 曲线可能出现多种偏离情况,而导致这些偏离情况的原因有多种。这些偏离情况可能表现为曲线上出现阶梯或锯齿,这通常意味着存在电流不匹配的问题,可能由遮阳或电池单元损坏等问题引起。1. 阶梯状 I-V 曲线I-V 曲线上有锯齿或阶梯,这是第一种偏离情况,通常与测试电路中的电流不匹配有关。当旁路二极管被激活并绕过功率较弱或光照较少的电池单元时,I-V 曲线上就会出现阶梯。阶梯的数量和宽度会随遮挡的程度和范围而发生变化。电流不匹配可能由多种情况引起,包括不均匀的污染、部分遮挡、电池单元或电池单元串损坏,以及旁路二极管短路等。2. 短路电流低只有 Isc 低于预期值,I-V 曲线的其他数据都正常。这种情况可能是由于操作失误、辐照度测量不准确、遮挡、污染或模块性能问题所引起的。考虑到这些问题有些是可以纠正的,所以在故障排除流程图中,将这种偏离情况排在了较为靠前的第二位。3. 开路电压低故障排除流程图中的第三种偏离情况是 Voc 偏低。电池温度测量不正确最可能导致 Voc 偏低。此外,在某些测试条件下,遮挡也可能降低 Voc。硬件问题也可能是原因之一。但是,鉴于开路电压是所有光伏模块参数中老化最慢的参数之一,在断定电池单元退化与低 Voc 之间存在因果关系之前,您应仔细权衡其他原因。4. 拐点过于圆滑拐点比预期更圆滑是第四种 I-V 曲线偏离情况的特点。通常很难判断拐点过于圆滑是明确的 I-V 曲线变形,还是曲线斜率变化所产生的错觉。拐点圆滑可能是老化过程的一种体现。您需要重新测试和长期监测电路以识别和跟踪趋势。5. 电压比低I-V 曲线垂直段的斜率低于预期值是第五种 I-V 曲线偏离情况的特征。您可以通过直观地比较实际测量的曲线与预测曲线,或者对比整个组串测量中的电压比值来检测这种情况。但前提是,这些曲线不应存在因不匹配效应而产生的阶梯。电压比的计算公式如下:VMP ÷ VOC。电压比这个指标可以非常好地识别在 I-V 曲线垂直段具有非典型斜率的组串。6. 电流比低I-V 曲线水平段的斜率高于预期值是第六种,也就是最后一种 I-V 曲线偏离情况的特征。您可以通过直观地比较实际测量的曲线与预测曲线,或者对比整个组串测量中的电流比值来检测这种情况。但前提是,这些曲线不应存在因不匹配效应而产生的阶梯。电流比的计算公式如下:IMP ÷ ISC 电流比这个指标可以非常好地识别在 I-V 曲线水平段具有非典型斜率的组串。在查找硬件问题之前,请确保已经排除遮挡、污染以及辐照度测量错误。使用 I-V 曲线绘图仪进行故障排除像 Fluke Solmetric PVA-1500 这样的 I-V 曲线绘图仪在光伏系统故障排除过程中扮演着至关重要的角色。它们不仅能够提供识别问题的详尽数据,而且还能够协助记录和监控随时间变化的系统性能。为了有效地排除光伏系统故障,我们需要对硬件和环境因素有全面的了解。通过使用诸如 Fluke Solmetric PVA-1500 之类的先进工具,并遵循上述的结构化方法,可以显著提高诊断和解决光伏系统性能问题的准确性和效率。...
Versiv™ Release Notes for Version 6.11 Build 2 (November 2023)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, DSX-602 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules, FI-1000 FiberInspector™ Pro and FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Ultra. Instructions on how to update your units can be found hereNOTE: • You MUST use LinkWare PC 11.3 or later to be fully compatible with Versiv™ Version 6.11. • You MUST use Versiv Version 6.9 or later to be compatible with newly manufactured DSX-8000 modules. • You MUST use Versiv Version 6.10 or laterV6.11 Build 2 Features/EnhancementsCable / Spec Database Changes:Added LimitsEN MTPLIEC 14763-3:2024 DraftJIS X5153Superior Essex PowerWise® 1G and 10GUpdated LimitsJIS (+All) now equivalent to ISO limits for TCL on shielded cablesRemoved obsolete TIA-568.3-D-1Added Cables:3C3EkivalanTKMWindy City WireUpdated Cables:Removed obsolete TrueCables folderUpdated Berk-Tek and Leviton cablesUpdated HCS-DataLink cables Versiv™ Release Notes for Version 6.9 Build 2 (April 2023)NOTE:You MUST use LinkWare PC 11.2 or later be compatible with Versiv™ (TFS) Version 6.9.You MUST use Versiv Version 6.9 or later to be compatible with newly manufactured DSX-8000 modules.V6.9 Build 2 Features/EnhancementsCable / Spec Database Changes:LimitsISO MPTL (Modular Plug Terminated Link) and DAC (Direct Attach Channel) limits now report error for an incompatible LIA (Link Interface Adapter)Added Cables:ALANTEC S/FPT cat 7A (now under the A-LAN TECHNOLOGIE group)LUX (copper and fiber)RiT TechtrueCABLE Indoor and Outdoor & BurialUpdated Cables:GiganetVersiv™ Release Notes for Version 6.8 Build 6 (October 2022)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, DSX-602 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules, FI-1000 FiberInspector™ Pro and FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Ultra. Instructions on how to update your units can be found hereNOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 11.2 or later be compatible with Versiv™ (TFS) Version 6.8.V6.8 Build 6 Features/EnhancementsCable / Spec Database Changes:LimitsTIA-568.3-E fiber limits addedE2E Limits for 11801-3 Amd 1 addedISO/IEC TR 11801-9909 added25GBASE-T added (IEEE 802.3bq)40GBASE-T added (IEEE 802.3bq)Updated JIS X5150:2016 limits to JIS X5150:2021Updated CertiFiber Pro JIS X5150:2016 limit to same as ISO/IEC 14763-3:2014Belden Long Reach Limits added (please contact Belden for details)Updated TCL noise floor for TIA Cable (+All Limits)Added Cables:CERTECHCobiCablingDerwiserGaestopasHuber & SuhnerORCARSCCS2CEBTinifibertrueCableZVK EasylanZemecZhejiangUpdated Cables:AlantecBerk-TekBrand-Rex (Removed at request of Leviton)CleerlineEurolanExcelLevitonPaige Datacom/Game ChangerSuperior EssexEnhancements:When using the CertiFiber Pro set to bi-directional for LC, FC or ST, the tester will wait 3 seconds before automatically start testing again after the cables are swapped. We have increased this to 5 seconds for higher density panels, where it can take more than three seconds to fully engage the connector. To disable this feature, simply select General as the fiber connector type.Allow a 3-jumper reference for the IEC 14763-3 limitBug fixes:When selecting a CertiFiber Pro or OptiFiber Pro module, you don’t get a choice of End Type for the fiber inspection test - fixedOTDR bi-directional averaging incorrectly groups widely spaced losses – fixedOTDR can misreport launch event as a hidden event (rare) - fixedVersiv™ Release Notes for Version 6.7 Build 1 (October 2021)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, DSX-602 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules,FI-1000 FiberInspector™ Pro and FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Ultra.Instructions on how to update your units can be found hereNOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 10.9 or later be compatible with Versiv™ (TFS) Version 6.7.V6.7 Build 1 Features/Enhancements• Resolves a hardware compatibility issue with new DSX-5000/DSX-8000 adaptersVersiv™ Release Notes for Version 6.6 Build 2 (April 2021)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, DSX-602 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules, FI-1000 FiberInspector™ Pro and FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Ultra.Instructions on how to update your units can be found hereNOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 10.8 to be compatible with Versiv™ (TFS) Version 6.6New Features/Enhancements: Cable / Spec Database Changes: LimitsAdded Prysmian GenSpeed EfficienC limits Added Superior Essex limits Made TCL Info only for current ISO11801-9907 DA Class D, E, and Ea and added a (+ALL) optionUpdated MPTL (+PoE) limits to include pass/fail values for Loop Resistance Added ISO MPTL LimitsUpdated ISO 11801 Class D noise floors for NEXT and PSNEXT Corrected the TCL noise floor for TIA 100m (LA) (+ALL) Limits Updates to E2E limits to current Published versionCablesUpdated CommScope Copper cables Updated DINTEK cablesUpdated InfraLan cables Updated Krugel cables Updated LEONI Kerpen GmbH cables Updated QUBIX cablesAdjusted the NVP value on the cable ‘1150 S/FTP Kat7A Simplex 9301 1130’ from CobinetAdded Wavenet cablesAdded Resideo Genesis cables Added Amphenol FCI cables Added Excel cablesAdded Techline cables Added Emiter brand cablesVersiv™ Release Notes for Version 6.5 Build 5 (February 2020)New Features/EnhancementsSingle fiber support for the FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Ultra fiber inspection probeAllow Versiv Versiv1/Versiv2 testingAbility to measure power at 1490 nm or 1625 nm with CertiFiber ProCable / Spec Database Changes:Added Cleerline brand cablingAdded ORingNetworking (Turkey) cablesUpdated Belden cablesAdded Mohawk brand cablesAdded Nexans Industrial Ethernet cablesAdded new / updated current Korean Emblem standardsRestored the Cat xx Mod 1-Conn Perm. Link limitsLimitsCablesBug FixesFixed end face analysis when using the FI-1000 LCAPC bulkhead tipCorrected HDTDX graph for longer (~30 m) links on Cat8 testError is now generated if Custom Test Group is selected when doing coax testingCorrected Traditional Chinese translation of "Memory Status" in the Tools menuThreshold values no longer remain set after changing from manual to auto PON OTDRSplitter entries no longer remain set after changing from manual to auto PON OTDRDSX-602 Remote will now upgrade DSX-602 MainWire Map with crossover and shield short shows wrong pinoutsThe Wire Map for M12 connectors has the wrong pins identifiedUpdate the adhesive zone ring size for FiberInspector imagesFaultMap returns BAD LOSS THRESHOLD errorVersiv Release Notes for Version 6.4 Build 4 (October 2019)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, DSX-602 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules, FI-1000 FiberInspector™ Pro and FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Pro.NOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 10.4 to be compatible with Versiv (TFS) Version 6.4.New Features/EnhancementsSupport for the FI-3000 FiberInspector™ Pro MPO fiber inspection probeCable / Spec Database Changes:Added Lan-Com's Gig-Lan cablesAdded SOLARIX cablesUpdated GIGAMEDIA (Conectis) cablesAdded "LEGRAND LCS" and rename "LEGRAND" to "LEGRAND ORTRONICS"Removed Cat xx Mod 1-Conn Perm. LinkBelden Long Reach Channel limit added to the Vendor groupCat8 TCL and ELTCTL limits updated to 568.2-D standardUpdated limits in the Aus-NZ Region Test GroupChanged CommScope Link Loss Calculator uncertainty value to 0.25 dB for multimode fiber products LimitsCablesBug FixesCorrected connector compensation when using the DSX-CHA-5-IX adapter with the following limitsISO 11801-9907 Class D/E/EACat 5e and Cat 6 Patch Cords|Removed warning when DSX-CHA-5-IX adapter is used with legitimate cross-connected adaptersCorrected the default coax limit on the DSX-600Corrected the SAMPLE wire map on Outlet Configuration screen when a shielded cable is selected Versiv Release Notes for Version 6.3 Build 3 (August 2019)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® HDR modules, and FI‐7000.NOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 10.3 to be compatible with Versiv (TFS) Version 6.3 Build 3.New Features/Enhancements:Introduction of the DSX-602Added German keyboard layoutCable / Spec Database Changes:LimitsAdded 5GBASE-T and 2.5GBASE-T limits to DSX-600/602Added ISO TR 11801-9907 Direct Attach limitsCorrected IEC 61300-3-35 ED.2 APCCablesAdded and amend CCM Cables database (new NVP values and two new cables)Updated Berk-Tek and Nexans cablesBug FixesOptiFiber Pro HDR event detection and measurement improvementsVersiv Release Notes for Version 6.2 Build 1 (May 2019)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® HDR modules, and FI‐7000.NOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 10.2 to be compatible with Versiv (TFS) Version 6.2 Build 1.1. New Features/EnhancementsCopper Single-Ended Spool testing support Improve OTDR auto-test performanceCable / Spec Database Changes:LimitsAdded limits for Ericsson RDS/DAS spec in Vendor folderAdd TCL and ELTCTL limits to the 100 m cable testing optionsCablesAdded manufacturer ICC cables to cable database2. Bug FixesReliability improvementsVersiv Release Notes for Version 6.1 Build 3 (Jan. 2019)This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐600 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules and FI‐7000.Instructions on how to update your units can be found here.NOTE: You MUST use LinkWare PC 10.1 to be compatible with Versiv (TFS) Version 6.1 Build 3.New Features / Enhancements:OTDR Span feature allows user to specify span over which limits applyOTDR Event editing feature allows user to change a Loss Event into an APC connectorM12 X-code channel adapter supportCable / Spec Database Changes:LimitsReordered the list of ISO classesAdded 10BASE-T1L limitsAdded TCL/ELTCTL to pass/fail of ISO PL and CH limits for screened cablingMoved BCT-B limits to 11801 and updatedAdded MPTL +PoE limitsUpdated first and last connector loss values to reflect new TIA-568.3-D-1 valuesCablesUpdated cables for TelegaertnerAdded Cat 8 cable from LevitonAdded copper cables from WirewerxChanged Norden folder nameUpdated cables for OCCAdded NEXXT Solutions cablesAdded Cat 8 cables from DatwylerBug Fixes:OptiFiber Pro HDR event detection and measurement improvementsAllow M12 D-code in applicable TIA limits and Profinet 2Pr E2E limitTransportation limits removed from DSX-600OTDR Event Map and trace plot correctionsRemoved Quick Test as an Averaging Time in Manual PON OTDR settingsImproved copper RL Channel measurementCorrected translation in CertiFiber Pro Korean fiber standardsImproved coax measurement using RG-11Corrected Cat6 Self-Test in DSX-8000Corrected launch/tail/loopback cord entry with “0,0” numeric formatReliability improvementsVersiv Release Notes for Version 6.0 Build 6 (Oct. 2018)You MUST install LinkWare PC 10.0 before updating your Versiv (TFS) to Version 6.0 Build 6.This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules and FI‐7000.Instructions on how to update your units can be found hereNew Features/EnhancementsOptiFiber Pro® HDR OTDRThe OptiFiber Pro® HDR OTDR is a high dynamic range OTDR suitable for testing single-mode passive optical networks. The OptiFiber Pro® HDR OTDR is the latest addition to the Versiv™ Cable Certification Family, continuing the Fluke Networks tradition of designing products to help data communications installers more quickly, accurately and profitably achieve system acceptance for copper and fiber jobs.Optimized for FTTx/PON testing through splitters up to nx128High dynamic range up to 42 dBMultiple wavelengths support a variety of applications: 850, 1300, 1310, 1490,1550,1625 nmSplitter detection for automated discovery of splitters and their ratios. Up to three cascaded splitters may be found or manually configuredOptiFiber Pro® Series OTDRMacrobend detection when testing single-mode fibers with OTDROTDR Event Edit function provides the ability edit or add events – Add 0 dB events, such as perfect splices, not seen by the OTDR or change an event to the correct type: APC connector, a splice or loss event.OTDR Expert Manual mode, allows the user to quickly experiment with range, pulse width, averaging time and wavelength settings to uncover details of interestCable / Spec Database ChangeTIA 568.2-D / Draft ISO 61935-2 Patch CordUpdated to the latest published / proposed standards. Includes a reduction in NEXT requirement for the 36-45 pair combinationTIA 568D.2 / IEC 11801-1Update the ohmic noise floor for resistance unbalanced per current standardsKorean Emblem ChannelUpdated name of the Korean channel specsGameChanger™ ChannelAdded the GameChanger™ channel specs from Paige DatacomAdded / Updated cables from the following manufacturers.3MAcomeBrand-RexIDInfinilink TechnologiesLAPP-KabbelLevitonMolexNexansNordencoPaige DatacomRodgers CommunicationsSchrack TechnikSiemens SIMATICZVKBug FixesEnhanced limits for the shield integrity algorithmImproved keyboard performanceImproved response time as more projects are addedVersiv (TFS) Release Notes for Version 5.6 Build 5 (July 2018)You MUST install LinkWare PC 9.9 before updating your Versiv (TFS) to Version 5.6 Build 5.This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules, the FI‐7000 and DSX-600 CableAnalyzer™ .Instructions on how to update your units can be found here.New Features / EnhancementsSupport for a new version of the GG45 adapter for the DSX-8000Cable / Spec Database ChangeJIS X5151 Fiber StandardISO 11801-9905 standardAdded +AllAdded +PoEExisting limits with +AllAdded +PoEUpdated spec names in the databaseGeneric Cat6A S/FTPAdded or updated cables from the following manufacturers:MMC Multimedia ConnectMolexVertical CableBKT ElektronikBetts Telecom (Voice 4 pair Test Limit)Hubbell (added copper cables / update fiber cables)CCMGeneral CablesFurukawaInfraLanDATWYLER (Update request)EFB Elektronik GmBUltimaNikomax LimitedCONNECTIXBug FixesLoss budget calculations for two and three jumper references were updated for the ANSI/TIA-568.3-DISO E2E limits are incorrectly applying the TCL and ELCTCL limits to screened cablingSet the default to "on" for Bi-directional tests in Smartloop OTDRAdded "Cat 7 S/FTP" to default 'last used' listSupport "Profinet 2pr E2E" Hybrid M12 RJ45 without warningVersiv (TFS) Release Notes for Version 5.5 Build 2 (March 2018)You MUST install LinkWare PC 9.9 before updating your Versiv (TFS) to Version 5.5 Build 2.This update covers the DSX‐8000 CableAnalyzer™, DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer™, CertiFiber Pro®, OptiFiber Pro® modules, the FI‐7000 and DSX-600 CableAnalyzer™ .Instructions on how to update your units can be found here.New Features/EnhancementsImplemented loss budget calculator to simplify using the SYSTIMAX solutions from CommScopeAdded cables/limits for customers installing 4K HDBaseT solutions from BeldenAdded cable/limits for customers installing the PowerWise + Clarity solution from Legrand + Superior EssexSupport for a new version of the GG45 adapter for the DSX-5000Support for new Tera Permanent Link and Channel adapters for the DSX-8000Improvements to the LWL sync process to support project and sub-projectCable / Spec Database ChangeGeneric OM5 fiberAdded a generic OM5 fiberCommScope cables and limitsAdded LazrSPEED Wideband OM5 fiberAdded SYSTIMAX limitsBelden cables and limitsAdded 4K UHD media cablesUpdated the 4K UHD limitsLegrand + Superior EssexAdded PowerWise/Clarity cablesAdded PowerWise/Clarity 1G & 10G limits ISO 11801-9905Added limits to support the new standardBug FixesDC shield test fails when using a Permanent Link adapter on main and a Patch adapter on remote.With AC Wiremap enabled, there is no “Measure” option when remote is not connected.Low frequency Return Loss errors are being introduced when measurement range is 600MHz and below.Set Reference does not work when using TERA permanent link or channel adapters.Popup to set manual fiber grading not closing when DONE is pressed.Change project screen displays overlapping textReduced the likelihood of NEXT failures when conducting channel testsNew fiber inspection cameras fail good end-facesDouble tap on test setup screen causes tester to rebootVersiv (TFS) Release Notes for Version 5.2 Build 1 (Sept, 2017)Issue Resolved:When there are >500 (approx.) test results stored in a project, viewing the results can hang and reboot the tester.Release v5.2 Build 1 resolves this issue.Versiv (TFS) Release Notes for Version 5.1 Build 4 (May, 2017)New Features/EnhancementsNew status of “Acceptable” for Category 6A patch cord testsAbility to update software from LinkWare Live when the incompatible versions message is displayedSupport for the use of the DSX-PLA001 adapter on the DSX-8000 moduleCable / Spec Database ChangeEL-3600 limits--Updated to match latest revision (version 9) from the Taiwan standards bodyIEC 61300-3-35 2nd Edition--Added fiber limits per the specificationTIA-568.3-DUpdated to account for standard grade TRC'sPatch Cord LimitsAdded >20m TIA C6A cord Limits Added >20m ISO Cat5e, Cat6 and Cat6A patch cord Limits TIA MPTL Limits - Modular Plug Terminated Links--Implemented limits for the new topology introduced in TIA- 568.2-D (Draft) StandardGB50312 - China National Standard--Updated the limits to the newest versionAdded Huawei Cat5e Channel limitsAdded Belden’s 4K UHD Media Cable Channel limitsAdded Extron LimitsAdded Alcadon ECS copper cablesBug FixesTalk does not work using the coax adapter or when using the Main as Smart RemoteThe Versiv / LinkWareLive sync slowed down considerably with version V5.0LinkWare Live sync generates error when trying to overwrite a random label set with > 1300 ID’sCorrected Japanese translationsAborting OTDR test occasionally hangs then reboots the testerChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 5.0 Build 3 (January 2017)1. New Features/Enhancements DSX-8000 CableAnalyzer™The DSX-8000 CableAnalyzer™ is the first field tester independently verified and endorsed to meet all the requirements for the Category 8 field testing standard. The DSX-8000 is the latest addition to the Versiv™ Cable Certification Family, continuing the Fluke Networks tradition of designing products to help data communications installers more quickly, accurately and profitably achieve system acceptance for copper and fiber jobs.Patch Cord Testing EnhancementsOption to turn Bi-Directional testing ON or OFFOption to disable HDTDX/R (Available for all tests)Option to prevent unsaved test result warning from being displayed (Available for all tests)Long communications on the DSX-5000Enables testing copper links up to 1km (Typically used for spool testing)Automatically switches communications mode based on cable lengthLooping single-tests no longer stop when remote is connected or disconnectedPrevent resistance unbalance measurements when using a bi-directional lab adapterReminder to update remote unit when a software update is installed on the mainAbility to set launch compensation from the home screen2. Cable / Spec Database ChangeTIA Cat 8, ISO/IEC Class IExtended the limits to cover the full 2 GHz rangeIEEE 802.3bz is now officially 2.5GBASE-T & 5GBASE-TNow that the limits are official, removed ‘Draft’ from the nameCorning Optical CommunicationsChanged name that is listed under ‘manufacturers’Custom CertiFiber Pro® Test LimitDefault fiber loss @ 850 nm changed from 3.5 dB/km to 3.0 dB/kmTIA‐568.3‐D updatedMultimode Test Cord Attenuation Allowance (dB) = 0.30 dBISO/IEC Class C through Class FA (+All)TCL and ELTCTL curves are informational for screened cablesAdded copper limits that extend length to 305 m.Based on the 100m ISO limits of the same categoryDE Eval Cat 5e 305m (LA)DE Eval Cat 6 305m (LA)DE Eval Cat 6A 305m (LA)DE Eval Cat 7 305m (LA)DE Eval Cat 7A 305m (LA)DSX-REFMOD 5000 and DSX-REFMOD 8000 added for DSX CableAnalyzer™ Series3. Bug FixesReflectance value for APC is now reported as less than the minimum detectable reflectance value rather than “NA”FAIL LED no longer flashes during software update on remote unitCorrected German translationChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.8 Build 1 (June 2016)1. Bug fixesFor DSX patch cord adapters only, Return Loss measurement issue reported - fixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.7 Build 4 (June 2016)1. New features/enhancementsSYNC button for LinkWare Live added to HOME screenOnce results are sent to LinkWare Live, you can import them into LinkWare PCIn LinkWare PC, they appear the same as if you had connected via a USB cable2. Cable / Spec Database ChangeUpdated test limits:BNT NBR 14565 (Brazilian) standards added for DSX CableAnalyzeJIS X5150:2016 replaces JIS X5150-2004Added Automotive limits under a new folder - TransportationAre you a manufacturer wanting to add your cables to the DSX/CertiFiber Pro and OptiFiber Pro? Click here for details.3. Bug FixesPinch and zoom can result in the “Asset Tracking Is On” screen appearing – fixedDSX frequency plot cursor will not move to the maximum frequency tested/displayed – fixedWhen deleting all results, if there is more than 1250 results, not all results are deleted – fixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.6 Build 2 (March 2016)1. New features/enhancementsPatch cord certification times reducedCategory 6A ≈ 12 seconds (NEXT and Return Loss measured in both directions)Category 6 ≈ 10 seconds (NEXT and Return Loss measured in both directions)Category 5e ≈ 10 seconds (NEXT and Return Loss measured in both directions)Icon added to top of the screen, notifying the user if asset tracking (location of upload) has been turned on in LinkWare LiveNew terms of agreement added for LinkWare Live when logging in for the first time2. Bug FixesSome poorly terminated shield patch cords were incorrectly displayed as open - fixedManual grading of FiberInspector would cause the unit to crash when saving the result - fixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.5 Build 2 (January 2016)1. New features/enhancementsIf automated copper diagnostics is available, tab displays FAULT INFO and not DIAGNOSTICSRemembers the last 10 Wi-Fi networks and their passwordsYou can now associate an e-mail address (LinkWare Live user name) with an operator nameLocation of where Versiv was last connected to LinkWare Live (Cloud Service)Will be enabled in February 2016 (there will be an option to disable this in your LinkWare Live account)When deleting results, you will now be advised if they have not been exported 2. Cable / Spec Database ChangeUpdated test limits:Added EN50173 OF-5000 ChannelAdded EN50173 OF-10000 ChannelUpdated length limit for EN50173 Fiber Optic Link with OS2 fiber to 10,000 m Limits with (+All) moved to their TIA or ISO folders(+All) includes the following measurementsBalance Measurements folder removed(+PoE) and (+TCL) limits removed since (+All) is a combination of the twoResistance Unbalance within a pair/between pairsTransverse Conversion Loss (TCL)Equal Level Transverse Conversion Transfer Loss (ELTCTL)Copper twisted pair test limits reduced to make selection easierAdded Class Fa (+All) limitsAdded 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T draft 1.2 limitsEN50173Added Korean Pre-Deploy 250 MHz Copper LimitAdded Chinese YD/T 1019 twisted pair cable limits – factory testing onlyInformational length limits removed from Voice -1 Pair and Voice - 2 Pair, length is still reportedAdded/updated cable types:DNS twisted pair cables from LANSYST addedRdB twisted pair cables updated Generic U/FTP cables addedAre you a manufacturer wanting to add your cables to the DSX/CertiFiber Pro and OptiFiber Pro? Click here for details.3. Bug FixesGreen pass light on remote now goes out when disconnecting from main unitLooping copper tests longer than 10 minutes with a Wi-Fi dongle installed no longer causes a Connecting hardware test no longer fails Wire Map – this is for use in laboratories onlyTIA Cat 6 (+All) test limit now applies a hard pass/fail to TCL and ELTCTL limitsIn Portuguese, changed the following:Apenas para Aprovado / Reprovado* to Apenas para Aprovado* / ReprovadoDa Ordem de Compra to Separador DecimalVarious translation issuesChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.3 Build 6 (September 2015)1. New features/enhancementsMain unit can be turned into a remote unit (under the TOOLS menu) – allows FiberInspector at far end to be usedResistance Unbalance between pairs added per draft 1.0 of ANSI/TIA-1152-A for all limits with (+PoE) and (+ALL)Custom Outlet Configuration added – no longer need to select TIA-1005 limit for a two pair testAutomated software updates via LinkWare Live for future releasesIncrease Cable ID sets from 20 to 50Support for Unicode characters in Cable IDsAdd the ability to show password when logging into LinkWare LiveScreen resumes quicker after going to sleep2. Cable / Spec Database ChangeUpdated test limits:Cat 5e Mod 1-Conn Perm. Link (+PoE)Cat 6 Mod 1-Conn Perm. Link (+PoE)Cat 6A Mod 1-Conn Perm. Link (+PoE)10GBASE-T + 802.3bt Draft 1.11000BASE-T + 802.3bt Draft 1.1100BASE-TX + 802.3bt Draft 1.110BASE-T + 802.3bt Draft 1.1(+PoE) and (+All) limits now report Resistance Unbalance between pairsIEEE 802.3bt added under Application folder(+PoE) versions of BICSI modified single connector permanent link added under application folderAdd 40GBASE-ER4 noting that it has a minimum and well as maximum loss valueMeasure ALL for laboratory technicians now applies local connector compensation for DSX-CHA004Connector limits added for laboratory technicians under Other folderEnd to End link support for standards bodies working on ISO/IEC 11801-99-2 Working Draft 3Added cable types:DIGITUS ProfessionalLeviton – Outside USMaxaamUpdated cable types:Belden Berk-TekExcel3. Bug FixesManual Entry launch fiber compensation was recorded as Launch + Tail – fixed (Requires LinkWare 9.4 too)Real time trace deletes launch compensation for SmartLoop - fixedCable IDs lists created in LinkWare using extended characters would result in a failed import to Versiv - fixedShield integrity test should only be carried out on links with four pairs – fixedIf there is less than four pairs, a traditional dc shield test is carried outRe-test on fiber bi-directional could point to the incorrect fiber for resaving - fixedSingle Wire Map test under TOOLS does not check for split pairs – fixedRemoving an adapter deleted an unsaved result – fixedBattery status may show a depleted battery when the battery still has plenty of charge (rare occurrence) – fixedOptiFiber Pro may misalign a trace with virtual launch event (rare occurrence) - fixedUnplugging the USB camera after the manual grading visual quality box is displayed causes a crash – fixedRemoving the CertiFiber Pro during the 3 sec. fiber test and re-inserting it issues a requires service message – fixedBlank select wireless list using Asus N10 Nano Wi-Fi adapter – fixedAfter successful URL redirect when connecting to a Wi-Fi hotspot, user was presented with “3.0” – fixedVarious translation fixesChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.2 Build 6 (April 2015)1. Bug fixCustomers updating from Version 2.1 Build 5 (August 2013) or earlier had problems with their fiber modules firmware being updated with Build 5. Build 6 resolves that issue. There are no other changes between Build 5 and Build 6. For customers who keep their units current, there is no issue.Changes to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.2 Build 5 (April 2015)1. New features/enhancementsAutomated IEC 61300‐3‐35 FiberInspector test time now ≈ 1 secondAdditions to automated diagnostics (FAULT INFO) for the DSX‐5000 CableAnalyzer:Insertion Loss fails due to lubricantReturn Loss fails due to water in the cableLocation of DC contact resistance issue when Return Loss failsSupport for additional Wi‐Fi USB adapters:TP‐LINK TL‐WN725N (Versions 1 & 2)ASUS USB N10 NanoNETGEAR WNA1000MWi‐Fi user‐access support (URL redirection and HTTP authentication)Enhance network connectivity screens:Access point strengthLocked and unlocked access points now displayedMAC address of both RJ45 management Port and Wi‐Fi USB adaptersImprovement to the WEP configuration screenPASS* result now shows FIX LATER/TEST AGAIN optionAllow non T568A and T568B Outlet Configurations for patch cord certificationImproved calibration reminders:The initial calibration reminder for a module shipped from the factory will be one year after first use, but no more than 18‐months after the manufactured date in LinkWare PC Version 9.3.2. Cable / Spec Database ChangeUpdated test limits:TIA Coax limit now runs to 1002 MHz.Added cable types:Linxcom Limited LAN CablesDINTEK LAN CABLESGIGANETChanged names:Spezialkabel München becomes SKM Skyline3. Bug FixesVarious translation fixesCrash when running Wire Map in Single Test after using the TALK feature ‐ FixedCoax length is greyed out – FixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.1 Build 2 (March 2015)1. Cable / Spec Database ChangeISO/IEC 14763-3:2014 updatedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.0 Build 3 (November 2014)1. Cable / Spec Database ChangeAdded test limits Measure ALL - this will make every measurement possible to 1 GHzVarious Coax limitsAdded cable typesMETZ CONNECT (BTR)2. New featuresAutomated diagnostics (FAULT INFO) for the DSX-5000 CableAnalyzerSupport for new adapters (Available Dec 2014):DSX-CHA003 COAXDSX-CHA021 M12 D-CodeDSX-CHA012 GG45Improved upload speed for LinkWare LiveIf remote is not detected after ≈ 4 seconds, MEASURE option appears to allow a single ended measurementMoved the @ symbol to the front of keyboardAdded # and + to the keyboardAllow RJ45 to M12 patch cord testing (Requires DSX-PC5ES and DSX-CHA021 adapters)Project Sync ready for LinkWare Live Professional (Jan 2015)3. Bug FixesVarious translation fixesPut units in TALK mode, running Wire Map under Single Tests causes a crash – fixedNo valid DNS would result in “LinkWare Live not available”, now results in “Error, please connect to an active network”Could not cancel large transfers to LinkWare Live – fixedChannel testing a < 0.6 m cord results in the adapter compensation being disabled – fixedSequential IDs longer than 30 characters indicate ID not in list – fixed4. Reported issuesEnabling the talk function, then running Wire Map as a single test under TOOLS > Single tests, causes the unit to crash - fixed for next Version.Changes to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 4.0 Build 3 (November 2014)1. Cable / Spec Database ChangeAdded test limitsMeasure ALL - this will make every measurement possible to 1 GHzNo limit lines or checking for a bad patch cord at the channel adaptersIntended for those working in laboratories with the DSX-5000 CableAnalyzerVarious Coax limitsAdded cable typesMETZ CONNECT (BTR)Are you a manufacturer wanting to add your cables to the DSX/CertiFiber Pro and OptiFiber Pro? Click here for details.2. New featuresAutomated diagnostics (FAULT INFO) for the DSX-5000 CableAnalyzerSupport for new adapters (Available Dec 2014):DSX-CHA003 COAXDSX-CHA021 M12 D-CodeDSX-CHA012 GG45Improved upload speed for LinkWare LiveIf remote is not detected after ≈ 4 seconds, MEASURE option appears to allow a single ended measurementMoved the @ symbol to the front of keyboardAdded # and + to the keyboardAllow RJ45 to M12 patch cord testing (Requires DSX-PC5ES and DSX-CHA021 adapters)Project Sync ready for LinkWare Live Professional (Jan 2015)3. Bug FixesVarious translation fixesPut units in TALK mode, running Wire Map under Single Tests causes a crash – fixedNo valid DNS would result in “LinkWare Live not available”, now results in “Error, please connect to an active network”Could not cancel large transfers to LinkWare Live – fixedChannel testing a < 0.6 m cord results in the adapter compensation being disabled – fixedSequential IDs longer than 30 characters indicate ID not in list – fixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 3.0 Build 6 (May 2014)1. Cable / Spec Database ChangeAdded test limitsISO C6 Cable 100m (LA)ISO C6 PCable 100m (LA)ISO C5e Cable 100m (LA)Draft TIA Cat 6A Patch Cord limitsUpdated test limitsISO C5ePCable 100m (LA)ISO C6PCable 100m (LA)ISO C6A PCable 100m (LA)ISO C7 PCable 100m (LA)ISO C7A PCable 100m (LA)Korean Pre-Deploy Res. SM translation fixedALANTECCCT PremiseAdded cable typesAre you a manufacturer wanting to add your cables to the DSX/CertiFiber Pro and OptiFiber Pro? Click here for details.2. New featuresWarns user if results have not been exported if they try and delete themRemote storage*To enable beta testing, we have added this option to both Versiv and LinkWare.****Remote storage will currently work for select beta customers only****Improved pinch and zoom3. Bug FixesVarious translation fixesIncorrect display of PSNEXT for two pair tests – fixed (Requires LinkWare 9.0 too)SAVE option may not display on SINGLE TESTS when SCAN OFF is selected – fixedCONTINUE and FIX LATER options missing after Wire Map fails on AUTOTEST and SCAN ON is used – fixedSingle ended Wire Map test would not show short to shield – fixedIncorrect error message when setting a reference on CertiFiber Pro if a wavelength is not present – fixedProduct registration database in Versiv could not handle more than 100 modules – fixedDifferent IR values between wavelengths in OptiFiber Pro could result in Event Table length issues – fixedCurrently selected test may not be visible on CHANGE TEST window – fixedManual Entry launch compensation can result in a too short Range setting – fixedModule hardware version is not shown on Version Information screen – fixedResults screen is not updated when importing results back in from a USB Drive – fixedAfter Importing results from USB Drive, tapping MANAGE button on Results screen does nothing – fixedOn the View All screen, the TRANSFER button did not give an audible click – fixedTwo pair copper test, view NEXT then tap < or > on either side of Pair to cause a crash – fixedCable ID pop-up message stating that an ID entered that is not in list when greater than 30 characters – fixedImporting a new project from a USB Drive is not shown until you refresh the screen - fixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 2.3 Build 2 (December 2013)1. Cable / Spec Database ChangeAdded test limitsCat 6A Mod 1-Conn Perm. LinkProfinet 2pr E2E limitAdded cable typesKRUGEL EXIMKElineEurolan cable 2. New FeaturesProduct Registration support (via LinkWare 8.2).Single test / scanning troubleshooting tools for copper. (Wiremap, Length and Resistance).Tone Generator functionality (includes wake-up of unit on the other end).DSX-PLA001 supportPatch Cord Adapter support (5e, 6 and 6A adapters coming end Q1 2014).3. Bug FixesIncorrect Russian Translations - fixedIncorrect delay skew calculations for 2 pair applications - fixedDSX issues bad patch cord warning when DTX does not - fixedCan't run test with lab adapter spec when CHA004 channel adapter is attached - fixedCopper LIA Version Info should not include calibration date - fixedChanges to DSX CableAnalyzer Version 2.1 Build 5 (August 2013)1. Cable / Spec Database ChangeRenamed limits ending in - PoE to (+PoE) to be consistent with other test limit names - no change in limit values Added to cable libraryAT & T Cabling SystemsDINTEK LAN CABLESSOLARIXQUBIXVOKA CableUpdated cable libraryHCS-DataLinkNexansDatwyler2. New FeaturesAdded Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Swedish and Turkish languages3. Bug FixesVarious language translation issues fixed...
如今的多千兆互联网计划正在迅速超过当前的WiFi技术速度。因此,为了帮助解决这个问题,WiFi 7(也称为 802.11be)承诺数据速率比 WiFi 6/6E 可以实现的数据速率高四倍。新标准被称为 EHT 的极高吞吐量,有望以更快的速度、更好的干扰规避为家庭和企业网络提供真正的多千兆位 WiFi 吞吐量,从而为 8K 视频流、多千兆文件下载、虚拟现实 (VR)、增强现实 (AR) 和云游戏等高带宽活动提供更好的性能。WiFi 7 有望将最大数据速率从 9.6 Gbps 提高到令人难以置信的 46.4 Gbps!PART 01WiFi 7 将如何实现这些更高的速度?最重要的是,我们真的会在现实世界中看到这些速度,还是都是营销炒作?让我们首先回顾一下 WiFi 7 期望如何实现这些更高的数据速率。WiFi 7 的主要特点WiFi 7 中包含的许多新功能旨在建立在前几代 WiFi 引入的功能之上,其主要目的不仅是提高 WiFi 网络速度,而且显着减少延迟并提高可靠性。以下是 WiFi 7 引入的一些最重要的增强功能,以及它们如何帮助实现更高的速度:20 MHz 信道 – 就像卡车允许您携带比轿车更多的箱子一样,更大的 WiFi 信道允许您比较小的信道同时传输更多的数据,从而提高吞吐量。因此,WiFi 7 引入了 320 MHz 信道宽度(在允许使用整个 6 GHz 频段的国家/地区总共有三个),与使用 160 MHz 信道宽度的网络相比,这在技术上使可以传输的数据量增加了一倍。6 GHz 频段的 1.2 GHz 频谱使 320 MHz 信道成为可能,并允许更多 AP 在拥挤的站点中运行。PART024K QAM – 使用 WiFi 7,我们将获得一个新的 4096-QAM 调制选项,与 WiFi 6/6E 支持的 1024-QAM 相比,它使 WiFi 信号能够更密集地嵌入更多数据(这就像能够通过重新组织里面的东西将更多东西装进一个已经装满的盒子里)。这一改进将使 WiFi 7 设备一次传输的数据增加 20%,这有助于提高吞吐量。PART 03多链路操作 (MLO)– 虽然传统 WiFi 提供对多个无线频段的访问,但设备通常只选择一个频段进行传输。借助 MLO,WiFi 7 设备将能够同时连接两个频段,这使其能够通过使用以下两种方法之一充分利用所有可用频段(2.4 Ghz、5 GHz 和 6 GHz):增强型多链路单射频 (EMLSR) – 使用 EMLSR 时,两个频段可以同时使用以共享冗余/唯一数据,以提高可靠性和低而精确的延迟。这是通过在频段之间自动切换来实现的,以避免网络流量,并在您超出一个频段范围时保持连接。这就像在繁忙的高速公路上行驶时变道一样。如果一条车道上的交通量太大,您可以移动到不太繁忙的车道。PART04多链路多无线电 (MLMR)– 使用 MLMR 时,可以同时使用两个频段,以通过聚合实现更快的速度。这使得 WiFi 7 在技术上可以通过一个频段发送一半的数据,并通过第二个频段发送另一半数据,从而将您的吞吐量提高一倍。再次使用运输类比,如果您使用两辆卡车而不是一辆卡车(每辆卡车装载不同的包裹),您能够交付的包裹数量将增加一倍。PART 05简单来说,MLO 旨在通过聚合数据、减少延迟和提高可靠性来确保以最大速度交付数据。多资源单元 (RU) 和穿刺 – 使用传统 WiFi,当信道的任何部分(20 MHz、40 MHz、80 MHz、160 MHz 或 320 MHz 信道宽度)被另一台设备使用时,整个信道不可用。因此,数据传输必须等待,或者必须使用不同的信道来防止干扰。同时,借助 Multi RU 和 Puncturing,WiFi 7 设备将能够使用同一信道中未使用的其他部分。这是通过将宽通道分割成更小的资源单元,以及刺穿(阻塞)无法使用的资源单元来实现的,目标是提高数据传输效率,这有助于提高速度。例如,多资源单元就像有一条非常宽的高速公路,一次只允许一辆车通过它,然后将这条高速公路分成多条车道,以便更多的车辆可以平行地通过它。同时,爆胎就像在一条高速公路车道上发生事故,而不是阻止整条高速公路上的交通,你只是封锁了发生事故的车道,让车辆继续在其他车道上行驶。PART 0616×16 MU-MIMO– WiFi 6 引入了对 8×8 MU-MIMO 的支持,以增加您可以同时与之通信的设备数量,并有助于提高通信效率。现在,WiFi 7 有望增加对多达 16×16 个空间流的支持。这意味着 AP 可以使用多达 16 根天线同时与多个客户端设备通信,或聚合数据并提高吞吐量。这就像走一条 16 车道的高速公路(单程 8 车道)并增加 16 条车道(单程 16 车道),允许更多的汽车同时通过高速公路。PART 07现在您已经对 WiFi 7 将引入的一些最大增强功能有了更多了解,您可能想知道这些功能中有多少可以在现实世界中发挥作用,以及其中有多少最终会在企业或家庭环境中普遍使用。好吧,这就是现实:320 MHz 信道 – 320 MHz 信道宽度将大大提高您的 WiFi 网络吞吐量,但会存在一些问题:根据您所在的地区,您在 6 GHz 频段中可能只有足够的空间用于一个 320 Mhz 信道。由于可用的信道数量有限,预计 320 MHz 信道将很少用于企业环境。尽管如此,它们仍可能成为家用路由器的默认选项。使用较小信道的 AP 或住宅路由器可能会干扰任何使用 320 MHz 信道宽度的网络,从而降低网络吞吐量。话虽如此,AP 和路由器供应商可以通过使用多 RU 和穿刺来解决此问题,这可以使 320 MHz 信道可用,至少在家庭环境中是这样。PART 084K QAM – 当涉及到新的 4K QAM 调制时,它还将有助于提高您的 WiFi 网络吞吐量。但问题是,要使 WiFi 7 设备能够使用 4K QAM,您需要 41dBm 或更高的 SNR,这基本上意味着您需要非常靠近 AP 或路由器。正因为如此,4K QAM调制预计主要在家庭环境中工作,并且只有当您的WiFi 7设备离家庭路由器足够近时。多链路操作 – 多链路操作是 WiFi 7 引入的最有前途的增强功能之一,因为它不仅可以通过聚合数据,还可以通过降低网络延迟和提高可靠性来提高网络速度。但是,预计大多数企业网络AP将使用EMLSR,而MLMR将降级为家庭路由器。原因是要使MLMR正常工作,需要相当多的同步,这在繁忙的RF环境中可能是一个问题。例如,假设您将聚合来自 5 GHz 和 6 GHz 频段的数据,但 5 GHz 频段比 6 GHz 频段繁忙得多。由于来自两个频段的数据需要同步才能正确聚合,因此 6 GHz 上的无线电必须等待 5 GHz 上的无线电准备好传输。如果 5 GHz 频段上的传输因干扰或繁忙的射频环境而延迟,那么 6 GHz 频段上的传输也会延迟,这可能会降低您的整体 WiFi 网络吞吐量。多RU和穿刺 – 多RU和穿刺是对WiFi技术的一个非常有前途的改进。原因是它允许使用更宽的信道,即使它们受到干扰的影响。如前所述,这是通过将较大的信道划分为较小的资源单元并刺穿(不使用)受干扰或其他源影响的资源单元来实现的。注意:多 RU 和穿刺可能有助于自动频率协调 (AFC),因为它可以通过穿透其他技术(现有技术)使用 6 Ghz 频段使用的信道,允许您在室外部署中使用更宽的信道,从而有助于防止干扰它们。16×16 MU-MIMO – 拥有一个带有 16 根天线的 AP 或家用路由器可能听起来很有希望,因为它确实有助于提高 WiFi 网络吞吐量,但我们可能不会在现实世界中看到很多天线。主要原因是外形尺寸;试想一下,一个 AP 或家用路由器需要多大才能安装 16 根天线(如果是外部天线,则更多)。事实上,具有 8 根天线的 AP 已经可以被认为是巨大的。那么,客户端设备呢?好吧,由于外形尺寸(手机或平板电脑内部空间有限)和电源要求(电池寿命有限),预计大多数客户端设备将继续仅包含 1 或 2 根天线。结论总之,WiFi 7 是 802.11 技术的一个有前途的新版本,看起来它确实有可能帮助提高无线网络吞吐量,但可能没有营销炒作让你想象的那么多。尽管它承诺数据速率高达 46.4 Gbps,但早期的实验室测试表明,使用普通移动设备可能获得的最高吞吐量为 5 Gbps。最重要的是,这种更高的吞吐量可能仅适用于家庭网络,因为 WiFi 7 引入的许多新功能在企业环境中效果不佳。当然,眼见为实,因此,在更多 WiFi 7 认证的 AP、家用路由器和客户端可用于家庭和企业环境之前,我们无法确定。注意:本文写于 2023 年 11 月,基于当时可用的信息,IEEE 802.11be 标准尚未获得批准,预计要到 2024 年底才能完全批准。作者简介——胡里奥·彼得罗维奇产品经理 - 无线Julio Petrovitch 是 NetAlly 的产品经理,拥有CWNA/CWAP/CWDP/CWSP 认证证书。他在网络设计、测试和验证方面拥有超过 15 年的工作经验。在他的整个职业生涯中,他有机会使用多种网络技术,包括 POTS、DSL、铜缆/光纤以太网、Wi-Fi、蓝牙和 BLE。...
以下值为近似值,根据材料的实际表面和条件不同可能会有所变化。材料发射率1.0µm1.6µm8-14µm铝未氧化0.1-0.20.02-0.2n.r.氧化0.40.40.2-0.4铝合金A3003氧化n.r.0.40.3毛面0.2-0.80.2-0.60.1-0.3光面0.1-0.20.02-0.1n.r.黄铜光面0.8-0.950.01-0.05n.r.砑光面n.r.n.r.0.3氧化0.60.60.5铬0.40.4n.r.铜光面n.r.0.03n.r.毛面n.r.0.05-0.2n.r.氧化0.2-0.80.2-0.90.4-0.8电气接线端子n.r.n.r.0.6金0.30.01-0.1n.r.Haynes合金0.5-0.90.6-0.90.3-0.8铬镍铁合金氧化0.4-0.90.6-0.90.7-.95喷砂0.3-0.40.3-0.60.3-0.6电抛光面0.2-0.50.250.15铁氧化0.4-0.80.5-0.90.5-0.9未氧化0.350.1-0.3n.r.铁锈n.r.0.6-0.90.5-0.7熔融0.350.4-0.6n.r.铁,铸铁氧化0.7-0.90.7-0.90.6-0.95未氧化0.350.30.2熔融.0350.3-0.40.2-0.3铁,锻造钝铁0.90.90.9铅光面0.350.05-0.2n.r.毛面0.650.60.4氧化n.r.0.3-0.70.2-0.6镁0.3-0.80.05-0.3n.r.汞n.r.0.05-0.15n.r.钼氧化0.5-0.90.4-0.90.2-0.6未氧化0.25-0.350.1-0.35镍氧化0.8-0.90.4-0.70.2-0.5电解0.2-0.040.1-0.3n.r.铂黑n.r.0.950.9银n.r.0.02.n.r钢冷轧0.8-0.90.8-0.90.7-0.9地垫n.r.n.r.0.4-0.6光泽钢片0.350.250.1熔融0.350.25-0.4n.r.氧化0.8-0.90.8-0.90.7-0.9不锈钢0.350.2-0.90.1-0.8锡(未氧化)0.250.1-0.3n.r.钛光面0.5-0.750.3-0.5n.r.氧化n.r.0.6-0.80.5-0.6钨n.r.0.1-0.6n.r.光面0.35-0.40.1-0.3n.r.锌氧化0.60.150.1光面0.50.05n.r.n.r.=不推荐为了优化表面温度测量准确度:确定物体的发射率以及用于测量的设备的光谱范围。将被测对象与周围的热源屏蔽开,避免反射。对于温度较高的物体,尽可能使用较短波长的设备。对于半透明材料,例如塑料膜或玻璃,确保背景均匀且温度低于被测对象。当发射率低于0.9时,使设备垂直于物体表面。在任何情况下,入射角都不得超过30°。对于1M和2M型号,避免在高环境光照条件下进行测量。...
以下值为近似值,根据材料的实际表面和条件不同可能会有所变化。材料发射率1.0 µm5.0 µm7.9 µm8-14 µm石棉0.90.90.950.95沥青n.r.0.90.950.95黑陶瓷n.r.0.70.70.7碳未氧化0.8-0.950.8-0.90.8-0.90.8-0.9石墨0.8-0.90.7-0.90.7-0.80.7-0.8碳化硅n.r.0.90.90.9陶瓷0.40.85-0.950.950.95黏土n.r.0.85-0.950.950.95混凝土0.650.90.950.95布料n.r.0.950.950.95玻璃平板n.r.0.980.850.85玻璃坯n.r.0.9n.r.n.r.沙砾n.r.0.950.950.95石膏n.r.0.4-0.970.8-0.950.8-0.95冰n.r.0.980.98石灰岩n.r.0.4-0.980.980.98涂料(非铝)0.9-0.950.9-0.95纸张(任何颜色)n.r.0.950.950.95塑料不透明n.r.0.950.950.95大于20密耳n.r.橡胶n.r.0.90.950.95沙子n.r.0.90.90.9雪n.r.0.90.9泥土n.r.0.9-0.980.9-0.98水n.r.0.930.93木头,(天然)n.r.0.9-0.950.9-0.950.9-0.95n.r.n.r.=不推荐为了优化表面温度测量准确度:确定物体的发射率以及用于测量的设备的光谱范围。将被测对象与周围的热源屏蔽开,避免反射。对于温度较高的物体,尽可能使用较短波长的设备。对于半透明材料,例如塑料膜或玻璃,确保背景均匀且温度低于被测对象。当发射率低于0.9时,使设备垂直于物体表面。在任何情况下,入射角都不得超过30°。...
红外 (IR) 温度计是一种通过检测和量化测量目标发射的红外辐射能量来确定物体温度的传感器。红外温度计非常像人的眼睛。眼睛的晶状体就像光学元件,物体发出的辐射(光子流)在大气中通过该元件到达光敏层(视网膜),然后被转化为信号并被传送到大脑。图 3 显示了红外测温系统的工作原理。各种形式的物质只要温度高于绝对零度(-273.15°C / -459.8°F),都会根据其温度发射红外辐射,称为特征辐射。辐射的原因在于内部分子的机械运动。这种运动的强度取决于物体的温度。由于分子运动代表电荷位移,这种辐射是电磁辐射(光子粒子)。 这些光子以光速运动,且运行规律符合已知的光学原理。它们可以被偏转,用透镜聚焦或被反射表面反射。这种辐射的光谱范围为 0.7 至 1000μm。因此,这种辐射通常用肉眼看不到,见图 4。然而,光谱中人眼不可见部分所包含的能量是可见部分的 100,000 倍。这正是红外测量技术的理论依据。从图 5 中可以看出,随着目标温度的升高,辐射量逐渐向波段较短的区域移动,且物体在不同温度下的辐射曲线相互不重叠。整个波长范围内的辐射能量(每条曲线下方的区域)增长至温度的四次方。这些关系由 Stefan 和 Boltzmann 于 1879 年发现,标明可以从辐射信号中测量出明确的温度。图 5 显示了物体在不同温度下的典型辐射。如前所述,物体在高温下会发出少量可见光。因此,每个人都可以看到物体在非常高温的环境下(600°C 以上)发出红色到白色的光线。经验丰富的钢铁工人甚至可以从颜色上非常准确地估算出钢铁的温度。从 20 世纪 30 年代开始,钢铁行业便开始使用经典的隐丝式高温计。从图 5 中可以看出,应以此为目标:尽可能在宽的范围内设置红外温度计,以获取更多的能量(对应于曲线下方的区域)或者目标发出的信号。然而,在某些情况下,这种做法并不总是有利的。例如,在图 5 中,当温度升高是,辐射强度在 2 µm 处增加量远远高于在 10 µm 处的。每单位温差下的辐射差异越大,红外温度计的测量精度便越高。根据维恩位移定律(Wien's Displacement Law),随着温度的升高,物体的辐射量最大值将向短波方向移动,因此,波长范围将取决于高温计的温度测量范围。在低温环境下,在 2 µm 处工作的红外温度计将在温度低于 600°C 时由于辐射能量太少而几乎看不到任何东西,从而停止工作。使用针对不同波长范围的测量仪器的另一个原因在于一些被称为非灰体(玻璃、金属和塑料薄膜)的材料的辐射率模式。图 5 显示了理想材料——所谓黑体的辐射情况。然而,许多物体在相同温度下会发出少量的辐射。实际辐射量与黑体的辐射量的比称为(ε)辐射率 ,辐射率的最大值为 1(与理想的黑体相对应的物体),最小值为 0。辐射率小于 1 的物体被称为灰体。辐射率还取决于温度和波长的物体被称为非灰体。此外,辐射的总和包括被吸收部分 (A)、被反射部分 (R) 和透射部分 (T) ,等于 1。(请参见下面的公式和图 6)A + R + T = 1 (1) 实心体不会透射红外光 (T = 0)。根据基尔霍夫定律,物体吸收的所有辐射(导致物体温度升高)之后将被该物体辐射出去。则对于吸收率和辐射率来说:A ↔ E = 1 – R (2) T理想的黑体也不会发生反射 (R = 0),所以 E = 1。许多非金属材料,如木材、塑料、橡胶、有机材料、岩石或混凝土的表面很少发生反射,因此其辐射率通常较高,在 0.8 和 0.95 之间(参见大多数常见材料的辐射率值列表)。相比之下,金属材料 - 特别是那些表面经过抛光处理或者表面光亮的金属 -它 的发射率约为 0.1。红外测温仪通过提供可自主设定发射率参数的功能项来弥补这一点,另请参见图 7(see 参见大多数金属的辐射率值)。我们的应用工程师可以针对您的目标材料、温度范围和应用类型,帮助您选择合适的红外测温传感器。...
什么是热处理?热处理是指利用加热或冷却来获得预期的结果,例如材料的硬化或软化。热处理技术包括退火、表面硬化、析出强化、回火、正火和淬火。在热处理行业中,通常有两种类型的业务,第一种是专用热处理设备,它们是企业内部大型制造设施和热处理部件的组成部分。第二种是商业热处理设备,作为分包服务向各种客户和市场提供热处理。商业热处理业务会处理许多不同种类、形状和尺寸各异的材料。有时加热工艺是多阶段的,并且会在多个不同类型的加热炉中进行以获得预期的性能。但这会带来许多问题,首先,监控所有被加工部件的工艺温度是不切实际的,有时也是不可能的。其次,一些热处理工艺如果不能妥善实施,则将导致产品的性能不符合要求。而通常,热处理属于精加工工艺,这就可能导致部件不合格或者被废弃,而废弃这些部件的成本非常高。尤其航空航天和汽车行业更是如此。那么,工艺工程师如何确保用于加工零件的设备能达到预期目标呢?对“加工后”的部件进行测试就会知道加工处理是否成功,但为了避免不必要的废弃和返工,就需要在加工部件前知道加工是否能够取得成功。要做到这一点,就需要制定一套设备测试方案,利用该方案对加热炉进行分析,然后将这种分析结果应用到工艺规范中。这反过来也可以确保用于加工部件的设备能够高效运行,从而获得可重复且一致的结果,满足最终客户的应用需求。这些加热炉分类规范通常被称为高温测量规范。航空航天和汽车工业中的高温测量规范这两个行业中存在多种高温测量规范。例如,在航空航天工业中,有 OEM 客户编写的 BAC 5621 和 RPS 953,还有 BS 2M 54 和 DIN 17052-1 等国家标准。汽车行业也有类似的标准。然而,本文将重点介绍航空航天工业(即 AMS 2750)和汽车工业(CQI-9)中广泛采用的两种规范。这两个规范都包含若干个部分,分别列出了对仪表、热加工设备、热电偶、温度均匀性测量 (TUS) 和系统精度测试 (SAT) 的要求。设备分类(仪表)CQI-9CQI-9 中对仪表的要求不如 AMS 2750 中那么严格。关键的要求是对控制加热炉的仪器进行校准,并可追溯至国家标准。控制仪器测量的温度还必须由单独的记录仪器进行记录。对于特定工艺,工艺表 A-H 列出了更严格的仪器要求。CQI-9 中的工艺表列出了针对特定工艺的最小容差要求(参见 CQI-9 中附录)。AMS 2750AMS 2750 中对于仪表的要求更为详细。该规范将仪表分为了五种类型 A-E。每种仪表类型所需的仪器和传感器如下图所示:每种传感器类型的定义可参见上图。加热炉温度容限针对给定产品的温度容限要求通常在工艺规范中的材料要求部分予以规定,在某些情况下则会在图纸上列出。加热炉温度容限的评估通过实施 TUS 来完成,TUS 将在本位后面部分予以介绍。一旦确定好后,该容限(在 AMS 2750 中则为仪表分类)将影响仪表校准、未来 TUS 和 SAT 测试的频率和精度要求。AMS 2750 中并未列出适用于特定工艺的温度容限,但提供了工艺规范通常引用的加热炉类别的容限范围表,如下所示:热电偶Cqi9 和 AMS2750 均详细说明了每种热电偶的校准频率和精度以及使用限制。CQI-9 和 AMS 2750 在具体规定方面存在差异,具体取决于热电偶的功能以及热电偶类型和使用温度。温度均匀性检测 (TUS)温度均匀性检测用于评估加热炉工作区域内的温度变化。热电偶通常采用盒式或柱式结构进行配置。所需的热电偶数量取决于工作空间的体积和加热炉的类别。使用了特定的现场测试仪器来记录 TUS 传感器(并非工艺记录器)输出的信息。该检测需要至少 30 分钟的良好数据(以 2 分钟或更短的间隔进行记录)。将在后面讨论的连续式加热炉是个例外。热电偶的典型配置图如下所示:检测期间的关键点(如下图所示)P1 - 监控开始。这时,第一个热电偶穿过监控阈值线。这是曲线起始点,也是图表上的第一个标记点。从这点开始捕获数据。P2 - 最后一个热电偶超过容限设定值。P3 - 稳定期开始。所有热电偶均在容限范围内,未偏离设定值。P4 - 稳定期结束。该点被定义为 P3 +测量周期,是曲线结束的点,也是图标上的第三个标记点。 这也是数据表的结尾。在稳定期内至少需要捕获30分钟的数据。系统精度测试 (SAT)为了评估整个测量系统的精确性,可使用独立的设备系统(现场测试仪器和校准后的 SAT热电偶)进行 SAT 测试。在靠近工作区域热电偶的位置放置一个测试热电偶,两者之间的差异便可以很好地说明热电偶和仪器设置的精确度。总结用于航空航天和汽车工业用零部件制造的热处理工艺受行业和国家标准的严格监管。为了遵守这些规定,必须使用校准后的可追踪设备准确测量过程并记录结果。对于静态或间歇式工艺,这可利用加热炉外的设备完成;但是在许多情况下,可以使用“全过程”测温设备来节省时间。在传送带式热处理工艺中,普遍认为传送式(工艺中)温度测绘设备是安全、容易使用和准确的解决方案。航空航天真空热处理服务是对一种材料进行加热和冷却的过程,适用于汽车、医疗、电子等行业...